ReviewPharmaceutics2026
An Overview of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Strategies for 3D-Printed Bioengineered Vascular Stents: Toward Next-Generation Drug Delivery Applications.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has emerged as a transformative technology for fabricating complex drug-eluting medical devices, offering unprecedented design freedom and functional integration capabilities. This comprehensive review systematically analyzes 3D printing technologies applied to pharmaceutical device manufacturing, focusing on drug-eluting vascular stents as a representative application. This review covers six primary additive manufacturing techniques, ranging from high-resolution vat photopolymerization (25 μm resolution) to direct energy deposition, with a focus on their capabilities for produce pharmaceutical devices with controlled drug release properties. Novel 4D/5D/6D printing technologies introduce stimuli-responsive behaviors enabling programmable drug release profiles and adaptive device functionality. Manufacturing process optimization reveals superior design flexibility compared to conventional methods, with 85-95% reduction in design iteration time and elimination of tooling costs for complex geometries. The material landscape encompasses traditional metals (316L stainless steel, cobalt-chromium), biodegradable polymers (polylactic acid, PLA; polycaprolactone, PCL; poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA), shape-memory materials (i.e., polymers and alloys capable of recovering a pre-programmed shape upon exposure to a specific stimulus such as body temperature, moisture, or light), and advanced nanocomposites, each offering distinct drug-loading capacities (100-500 μg/cm
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.