ReviewMedicine2026
Unraveling the intricate molecular mechanisms of sex hormones' roles in breast cancer pathogenesis: A review.
Review in Medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study examines the role and function of the specific signaling molecules that are associated with the binding of sex hormone receptors, including estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), in relation to cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The present work focuses on the mutual relationship between signaling pathways of sex hormone receptors and MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, as well as the involvement of these molecules in the development of breast cancer. The review systemizes the present knowledge regarding genetic changes related to breast cancer, including the effects of changes on sex hormone signaling, biochemical pathways influencing sex hormone availability, and epigenetic modifications. The focus is made on genetic changes the researchers observed in breast cancer, like ERBB2/HER2 amplification and TP53 mutations, which cooperate with sex hormone signaling to advance tumor growth. The changes in the metabolism of sex hormones are as follows: High aromatase leading to high estrogen and more. Furthermore, the impact of sex steroids on the tumor microenvironment, including angiogenesis, immune regulation, and matrix, is consequently discussed. The effects of sex hormones on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA with regard to breast cancer development are reviewed. The study also demonstrates how genetic changes, metabolism, and epigenetics work in concert with sex hormones to modulate breast cancer development. SERMs, aromatase inhibitors, and the endocrine approach are described, as well as novel directions to develop inhibitors of androgen and other hormone signaling pathways.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.