Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42367470›Full record

ReviewCureus2026

Outcomes of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients With Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Tonny Acire, Shafie D Farah, Jackson Kakooza, Enock Mukiibi, Catherine R Lewis, Prosper Akankwasa, Sabastian Turyakira, Bienfait V Mumbere, Sedrick Bukyana, John Turyagumanawe and 16 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

26 authors.

Tonny AcireDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Shafie D FarahDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Jackson KakoozaDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Enock MukiibiDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Catherine R LewisDepartment of Surgery, St. Joseph's Hospital Kitovu, Masaka, UGA.
Prosper AkankwasaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Sabastian TuryakiraDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Bienfait V MumbereDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Sedrick BukyanaDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
John TuryagumanaweDepartment of Public Health, Hoima Regional Referral Hospital, Hoima, UGA.
Musilim AbdulaiDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Maslah Osman AliDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Albert OjangoleDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Michael MugenyiDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Frank J RuhazweDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Benson OguttuDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Reuben K NyarugaDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Martin R NkundekiDepartment of Surgery, Wentz Medical Centre, Kampala, UGA.
Olivier IryivuzeDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Kampala, UGA.
Ali AbdikaniDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Innocent AyesigaDepartment of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, UGA.
Neel RajendraDepartment of Microbiology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Samuel OledoDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Mohamed Abukar NorDepartment of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.
Evelyn N BalondemuDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Makerere University, Kampala, UGA.
Theoneste HakizimanaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, UGA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) compromises tissue perfusion in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) and is a principal driver of amputation and mortality. The prevalence, risk factor profile, and clinical consequences of PAD in DFU populations specific to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have not been systematically synthesized. The aim of this study was to synthesize the available evidence on the prevalence, determinants, and clinical outcomes of PAD among patients with DFUs in LMICs. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies reporting PAD prevalence, associated risk factors, or clinical outcomes among DFU patients in LMICs. Electronic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Lens.org were supplemented by manual reference screening. Random-effects meta-analysis with restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation was applied. Risk of bias was assessed using design-specific Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Publication bias was evaluated by Egger's regression, Kendall's tau, and Rosenthal's fail-safe N. Seventeen observational studies with 4,831 participants across nine LMICs were included. The pooled PAD prevalence was 43.00% (95% confidence interval (CI) 29.42%-57.74%; k = 11; N = 3,481; I² = 84.52%). Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis confirmed robustness of this estimate (range 39.37%-46.80%). Smoking was associated with more than twice the odds of PAD (pooled odds ratio (OR) 2.36; 95% CI 1.12-4.94; k = 6; I² = 61.9%), and hypertension nearly doubled the odds (pooled OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.20-2.82; k = 6; I² = 0.0%). PAD conferred a greater than fourfold increase in the odds of lower extremity amputation (pooled OR 4.14; 95% CI 2.24-7.63; k = 6; I² = 52.0%). Narrative evidence demonstrated reduced limb salvage, prolonged hospitalization, and excess mortality in PAD-affected cohorts. PAD is highly prevalent among DFU patients. Smoking and hypertension are consistent modifiable risk factors. These findings highlight the need for cardiovascular risk management within diabetic foot care in LMICs.

Indexed as

amputationdiabetic foot ulcerlow- and middle-income countriesmeta-analysisperipheral arterial diseaseprevalencesystematic review

Identifiers

PMID42367470
PMCPMC13307429

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.