ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Heterogeneous immune cell composition in patients with combined immunodeficiency.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- mRNA vaccine development for tuberculosis: antigen design, immune mechanisms, and translational challenges.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs) are a severe class of inborn errors of immunity characterized by defective T cell development and function, often accompanied by impaired humoral and natural killer (NK) cell responses. Despite their shared clinical classification, the immunological heterogeneity within CIDs remains incompletely understood. This study aims to characterize the immune cell landscape in CID patients caused by disease-causing mutations in different genes to identify immunophenotypic patterns. Methods: We analyzed peripheral blood immune cells from four CID patients with disease-causing mutations in Results: All patients retained major immune populations, but their relative frequencies differed significantly from those of healthy controls. Patients with EZR and ARPC1B deficiency had markedly reduced CD4 Discussion: Our findings reveal pronounced immunological heterogeneity among CID patients caused by different genetic defects, challenging the notion that CIDs constitute a uniform entity. Disease-causing gene-specific alterations in immune cell composition and differentiation states underscore the complexity of CID pathophysiology. Comprehensive immunophenotypic profiling offers valuable insights into distinct mechanistic pathways and may guide the development of tailored therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes for CID patients.
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