ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Health belief model and cervical cancer screening intention among lower socioeconomic women in Malaysia: a pilot study.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer remains a major public health concern in Malaysia, particularly among women from lower socioeconomic groups. Despite the availability of free Pap smear screening, uptake remains low. Understanding psychological factors influencing screening intention is important for informing contextually appropriate interventions. This pilot study explored the relevance of Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs in relation to screening intention while assessing the validity and reliability of the adapted instrument. Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted between April to May 2025 involving 54 women aged 20 to 65 years from the lower socioeconomic status women residing in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire comprising sociodemographic information and six constructs of the HBM. Screening intention was measured using a 11-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Results: No statistically significant association between screening intention and any sociodemographic variables. However, significant differences in Health Belief Model constructs were identified across selected sociodemographic characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression showed that perceived barriers (OR = 0.848, Conclusion: This pilot study examined the preliminary relevance of Health Belief Model constructs and evaluated the validity and reliability of the adapted instrument. The findings suggest that perceived barriers and perceived severity may influence screening intention; however, given the small and exploratory sample, the results are not generalizable. In addition, these findings provide a basis for refining the instrument and informing a larger, adequately powered study.
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