ReviewCell transplantation
Three-dimensionally printed mesoporous bioactive glass for craniomaxillofacial bone regeneration: Material evolution, functional mechanisms, and clinical translation.
Review in Cell transplantation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Craniomaxillofacial (CMF) bone defects pose significant regenerative challenges due to complex anatomy and physiological demands. While autologous bone grafting remains the gold standard, it is limited by donor-site morbidity and supply constraints. Mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG), characterized by its ordered nanoporous structure and superior bioactivity, offers a promising alternative. This review systematically analyzes the integration of MBG with 3D printing technologies, including direct ink writing, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. We critically evaluate physicochemical challenges such as rheological optimization and thermal devitrification while elucidating the "osteo-immune-vascular" axis orchestrated by these scaffolds. Specifically, we discuss how ionic dissolution products modulate macrophage polarization, stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) to induce CD31ʰⁱEmcnʰⁱ vessel formation, and activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Despite promising preclinical data, clinical translation faces hurdles regarding regulatory approval and manufacturing standardization. Future developments in 4D printing, AI-driven inverse topology design, and organ-on-a-chip validation represent a paradigm shift from passive substitution to active regeneration, paving the way for the tissue-engineered reconstruction of complex CMF defects.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.