ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2026
Age-dependent effects of aerobic training on cardiac expression of Akt1, mTOR, and CITED4 in immature, young-adult, and middle-aged rat myocardium.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeCardiac plasticity declines with age; however, mechanisms underlying aerobic training (AT)-induced cardiac remodeling across developmental stages remain unclear. Exercise-induced hypertrophy is mediated by PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and its downstream effector CITED4, but whether these pathways respond uniformly across age is unknown. This study investigated age-dependent effects of AT on the Akt1/mTOR/CITED4 axis in rat myocardium.
methodsForty-eight male Wistar rats were assigned to three age cohorts: immature (4-5 weeks), young-adult (18-20 weeks) and middle-aged (41-42 weeks). Animals were randomly allocated within each age stratum to either control or exercise groups (n = 8/group) and completed 8 weeks of running-wheel training. Ventricular Akt1, mTOR, and CITED4 mRNA expression was quantified by qRT-PCR. Relative expression was determined using the 2
resultsAT elicited age-dependent transcriptional responses in myocardium. A significant Age × Exercise interaction was observed for Akt1 expression (p = 0.011), with post hoc analysis showing increased expression only in immature rats (p = 0.001). In contrast, mTOR expression increased with exercise regardless of age (main effect of Exercise, p < 0.001). CITED4 expression also showed a significant Age × Exercise interaction (p < 0.001), indicating differential responsiveness to aerobic training across developmental stages.
conclusionAT induces age-dependent cardiac adaptations. Akt1 upregulation was restricted to immature rats, whereas mTOR expression increased irrespective of age. CITED4 showed marked age-dependent responsiveness to training. These findings suggest that the immature myocardium exhibits greater transcriptional sensitivity to aerobic exercise than later developmental stages.
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