ArticleBMC cancer2026
Association between comorbidities and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients undergoing immune checkpoint blockade.
Article in BMC cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCancer patients have an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Conflicting information exists regarding whether cancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) itself increases the risk for CVDs. We therefore assessed the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in cancer patients treated with versus without ICIs.
methodsOne hundred fifty-eight and 163 cancer patients, treated with and without ICIs respectively, were compared. The primary endpoint was the incidence of MACE, defined as acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, new or worsening coronary artery disease or peripheral arterial occlusive disease, or cardiovascular death. We used Cox proportional hazard models and competing risk models (death), adjusted for age, sex and comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity index, CCI) to investigate the cause-specific association between ICI-treatment and MACE.
resultsOver a median follow-up of 30.6 months, 37 MACE occurred. The overall incidence of MACE was 14.0% in patients with and 9.3% in patients without ICI-treatment. In the multivariate analysis CCI was significantly associated with MACE (HR 1.19, 95% CI [1.03, 1.37]), whereas no association was found for ICI-treatment (HR 1.12, 95% CI [0.56, 2.22]). Competing risk analysis showed no treatment associations. CCI was associated with non-cardiovascular mortality.
conclusionsWe did not observe statistical evidence of an association between ICI treatment and MACE. There is evidence that a higher comorbidity burden is associated with MACE. Comorbidities are clearly associated with non-cardiovascular mortality in cancer patients. Further prospective studies are required to investigate whether treating comorbidities and optimizing cardiovascular risk factors result in improved outcomes among cancer patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.