ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Case Report: Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis, myositis, and myasthenia gravis overlap syndrome with flow cytometric phenotyping before and after treatment in a patient with urothelial carcinoma.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis, myositis, and myasthenia gravis overlap syndrome (IM3OS) is an uncommon immune-related adverse event (irAE) associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of malignancies. We present a case of a 77-year-old woman who received anti-PD1 treatment for high-grade invasive urothelial carcinoma, and subsequently presented with weakness, ptosis, and dysarthria concerning for myositis, myocarditis, and myasthenia gravis overlap syndrome. She was successfully treated with high-dose glucocorticoids, mycophenolate mofetil, and intravenous immunoglobulin with resolution of presenting symptoms. To identify cellular subsets that mediated the disease flare, we performed flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected at baseline, at hospitalization and after treatment with high-dose glucocorticoids. We found an expansion of the memory CD8
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