ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2026
Dynamics and compositional profiles of human milk oligosaccharides in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus across lactation.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to systematically clarify the changes in the concentrations of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the differences from healthy mothers. Methods: A total of 156 human milk samples were collected from 50 mothers (26 healthy mothers and 24 GDM mothers) in Danyang City at different lactation stages (0-7 days, 8-14 days, 1 month, and 3 months postpartum). By using the method of UPLC-MS/MS to analyse the concentration of HMOs, comparing the changes and the differences of HMO concentrations between healthy mothers and GDM mothers. Results: Intergroup comparisons of the concentrations of total HMO and 32 individual HMOs were performed at 0-7 days, 8-14 days, 1 month, and 3 months postpartum. After adjusting for covariates (age, BMI, gestational days, mid-trimester blood glucose, and gestational weight gain) by using the generalized estimating equation (GEE), it was found that GDM was significantly correlated with specific HMOs, with the specific results showing that 7 HMOs, including 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), lacto-N-difucohexaose I (LNDFH-I) and 3'-Sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine (3'-SLN), differed significantly in relation to GDM ( Conclusion: The total concentration of HMOs in GDM mothers was lower than that in healthy mothers at all time points and showed a downward trend. Meanwhile, the study found that GDM is associated with the concentrations of individual HMOs, and the HMO concentrations in GDM mothers differ from that in healthy mothers at different lactation stages, with all being lower than those in healthy mothers.
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