ArticleOpen veterinary journal2026
Role of propolis and rosemary extract in improving mitochondrial efficiency and energy metabolism enzymes in late pregnancy Awassi sheep liver.
Article in Open veterinary journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: The final stages of gestation in ewes are periods with very high energy requirements, with the energy needed to maintain homeostasis rising by 50%-75% compared to non-pregnancy conditions. However, mitochondrial activity can be reduced by oxidative stress induced in late pregnancy. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of propolis and rosemary extract on mitochondrial enzyme activity, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress in late-pregnant Awassi ewes. Methods: The study sample comprised 24 multiparous Awassi ewes in the late stages of pregnancy (140 ± 5 days of gestation). Animals were divided into four groups (Group I: control, Group II: propolis (5 g/day), Group III: rosemary extract (1.2 g/head/day), and Group IV: combined propolis + rosemary treatment) using a completely randomized design. The activities of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) synthase and cytochrome c oxidase were analyzed in liver biopsies using spectrophotometric methods. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) levels were analyzed using serum samples. Results: Propolis and rosemary extract, as well as their combined use, had a significant effect on the activity of adenosine triphosphate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase enzymes in the mitochondria of liver cells when compared to the control group. The activities of ATP synthase were increased by 43% and 38%, respectively, and the values of cytochrome c oxidase activity in the same groups were increased by 52%, 47%, and 71%, respectively ( Conclusion: Propolis and rosemary extracts play an important role in regulating oxidative stress and increasing energy metabolism in the liver mitochondria of pregnant ewes during late pregnancy.
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