ReviewNano convergence2026
Engineering graphene oxide interfaces for electrochemical biosensing of biomolecules, cells, and organoids.
Review in Nano convergence, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has established itself as a premier material for electrochemical biosensing due to its exceptional chemical tunability, aqueous processability, and unique sp²-sp³ hybridized structure. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of diverse engineering strategies to functionalize GO, enabling highly sensitive and selective detection of a broad spectrum of biological analytes. We systematically categorize these advancements into five key methodologies: (1) controlled reduction to precisely tune electrical conductivity and surface defects, (2) covalent functionalization for robust bioreceptor immobilization, (3) non-covalent modification to preserve biomolecular conformation, (4) metal nanoparticle hybridization for enhanced electrocatalysis, and (5) integration with polymeric/framework materials to build advanced three-dimensional sensing architectures. By examining applications ranging from small molecule metabolites and proteins to nucleic acids and whole pathogens, we demonstrate how tailored GO interfaces overcome conventional sensing trade-offs. Finally, we highlight the pivotal role of these engineered GO platforms in addressing the challenges of real-time monitoring at complex biological interfaces, including living cells and organoids, and outline the pathway toward clinically deployable diagnostic technologies.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.