ReviewJournal of thrombosis and thrombolysis2026
IGF-1 axis: The signalling bond in cancer-associated thrombosis and cachexia?
Review in Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) and cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) are the most common comorbidities in patients with malignant diseases. Their development is modulated by several factors related to the patient, tumour and antineoplastic treatments. Intriguingly, they share a pro-inflammatory setting induced by cytokines released by cancer and host cells in the tumour microenvironment, which leads to metabolic and endocrine derangements across organ systems. The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis, implicated in metabolism, tissue homeostasis, and tumourigenesis, may play a key role in this interface. Specifically, the dysregulation of the IGF1R-PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, which governs protein synthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism), has been involved in muscle wasting associated with CAC. Concerning CAT, while less explored, the roles of the IGF-1 axis in angiogenesis and endothelial stability suggest a potential connection. To address knowledge gaps, this comprehensive narrative review examined the current literature on the IGF-1 pathway's involvement in CAT and CAC, including the implications of genetic markers. As the IGF-1 axis may serve as a signalling bond between these paraneoplastic syndromes, further investigation may lead to the identification of disease predictors, supporting risk stratification and early intervention.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.