Evidence mapPaperPMID 42380733Full record

ArticleDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026

Modelling the Clinical and Complication-Related Economic Burden of Therapeutic Inertia in People With Type 2 Diabetes in China.

Yingdan Cao, Jinran Zhao, Xiaodong Liu, Chengyu Liu, Yu Fang

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Article in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Yingdan CaoDepartment of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7414-4674
Jinran ZhaoDepartment of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Xiaodong LiuDepartment of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Chengyu LiuNovo Nordisk (China) Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Beijing, China.
Yu FangDepartment of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.

Funding

Novo Nordisk (China) Pharma-ceutical Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimTo quantify the long-term clinical and complication-related economic burden of therapeutic inertia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in China, focusing on delayed insulin initiation and intensification.

methodsA health economic analysis was conducted from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system using the validated CORE Diabetes Model. Two cohorts were simulated to compare timely versus delayed insulin initiation and intensification. Base-case assumptions included a baseline HbA1c of 9.0%, a 5-year treatment delay and a 30-year time horizon. Model inputs, including patient characteristics, treatment effects, costs and utilities, were sourced from published literature, prioritising Chinese data. Outcomes included quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), complication incidence and complication-related direct medical costs, with scenario analyses performed to test robustness. Results were also extrapolated to the national population of Chinese patients with uncontrolled T2DM.

resultsTimely insulin initiation was associated with an average saving of ¥11 370 per patient and a gain of 0.086 QALYs compared with a 5-year delay. Timely intensification yielded cost savings of ¥10 417 and an incremental 0.093 QALYs per patient. At the population level, these corresponded to total savings of ¥68.2 billion and ¥62.5 billion, and additional 515 604 and 557 572 QALYs, respectively. Scenario analyses confirmed that health and cost benefits increased with higher baseline HbA1c and longer time horizons.

conclusionsTherapeutic inertia in T2DM management imposes quantifiable QALY losses and complication-related cost burdens in China. Timely insulin initiation and intensification significantly improve outcomes and reduce costs, underscoring the urgency of overcoming therapeutic inertia through patient, physician and system-level strategies.

Indexed as

Cost of IllnessDiabetes ComplicationsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Hypoglycemic AgentsInsulinAgedChinaCost-Benefit AnalysisFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHealth Care CostsHumansMaleMiddle AgedModels, EconomicQuality-Adjusted Life YearsGlycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinChinacost‐effectivenessinsulin initiationinsulin intensificationquality‐adjusted life yearstherapeutic inertiatype 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID42380733
PMCPMC13449007

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.