Emerging roles of the cGAS/STING pathway in cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Inflammation plays a key role in CVD pathogenesis, and accumulating evidence has implicated the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of IFN genes (cGAS/STING) pathway in this process. The cGAS/STING pathway recognizes both non-self- and self-DNA, including mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, to activate its downstream proinflammatory signaling molecules, including TANK-binding kinase 1, IFN regulatory factor 3, and NF-κB. Various pathological stressors have been shown to induce self-DNA release into the cytosol and bloodstream from damaged cells in the cardiovascular system, indicating that circulating cell-free DNA is a useful biomarker of CVDs; however, how this contributes to the inflammatory signaling, cell death, and fibrosis that characterize CVDs remains unclear. Here, we discuss the current understanding on the roles of self-DNA and the cGAS/STING pathway in the pathophysiology of CVDs and the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway.