Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42386913›Full record

SynthesisNature human behaviour2026

Genome-wide association studies of infant and toddler temperament in European and multi-ancestry populations.

Anja Hollowell, Anna Gui, Emilie Wigdor, Morgan J Morgan, Laurie J Hannigan, Elizabeth C Corfield, René Pool, Susanne Bruins, Helga Ask, Christel M Middeldorp and 25 more

Abstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Nature human behaviour, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

35 authors.

Anja HollowellCentre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9624-088X
Anna GuiCentre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1108-0774
Emilie WigdorInstitute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2370-0128
Morgan J MorganSchool of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-7533-4483
Laurie J HanniganResearch Department, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3123-5411
Elizabeth C CorfieldResearch Department, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0119-157X
René PoolDepartment of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5579-0933
Susanne BruinsDepartment of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6808-7075
Helga AskPsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0149-5319
Christel M MiddeldorpDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6218-0428
Beate St PourcainMRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4680-3517
Meike BartelsDepartment of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9667-7555
Dorret I BoomsmaDepartment of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7099-7972
Catharina A HartmanUniversity Medical Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-8859
Aoi NodaDivision of Molecular Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Ippei TakahashiDivision of Molecular Epidemiology, Environment and Genome Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Mami IshikuroDivision of Molecular Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Taku ObaraDivision of Molecular Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Shinichi KuriyamaDivision of Molecular Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Mary S MuffordDivision of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8409-9217
Marilyn T LakeDepartment of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.
Dan J SteinDepartment of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-7810
Heather J ZarDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, and SAMRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9046-759X
Nadia HoffmanDepartment of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.
Elise B RobinsonBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2314-2792
Anders D BørglumDepartment of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8627-7219
Xinhe ZhangDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-0616-4753
Varun WarrierDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-8571
Autism Spectrum Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium
Tomoki ArichiResearch Department of Early Life Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3550-1644
Mark H JohnsonCentre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4229-2585
Frank DudbridgeDivision of Public Health & Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-8908
Stephan J SandersInstitute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-5148
Alexandra HavdahlResearch Department, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9268-0423
Angelica RonaldSchool of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK. a.ronald@surrey.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9576-2176

Funding

NIMH Center Repository Supporting Stem Cell ResearchU24MH068457 · NIMH · RUTGERS THE ST UNIV OF NJ NEW BRUNSWICK · PI BRZUSTOWICZ, LINDA M, KNOWLES, JAMES A · 2003 to 2024
$213.8M
Integration of Genomics & Transcriptomics in Normal Twins & Major DepressionRC2MH089951 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI SULLIVAN, PATRICK F · 2009 to 2010
$6.5M
2/7 Psychiatric Genomics Consortium: Advancing Discovery and ImpactR01MH124851 · NIMH · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI BOERGLUM, ANDERS, DAVIS, LEA K · 2021 to 2025
$5.4M
Genomics of Developmental Trajectories in TwinsRC2MH089995 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI HUDZIAK, JAMES J. · 2009 to 2010
$3.8M
Determinants of Adolescent Exercise Behavior; towards Evidence-Based InterventionR01DK092127 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI HUDZIAK, JAMES J. · 2010 to 2014
$2.2M
DEVELOPMENTAL TWIN STUDY: ATTENTION, AGGRESSION, AFFECTR01MH058799 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT &ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI HUDZIAK, JAMES J. · 2000 to 2004
$1.7M
4/4 - The Autism Sequencing Consortium: Discovering autism risk genes and how they impact core features of the disorderR01MH129751 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD · PI Stephan Sanders · 2022 to 2026
$1.4M
2/2 - Identification and Validation of Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTLs) in discrete cell types across human brain developmentU01MH122681 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI SANDERS, STEPHAN · 2021 to 2022
$1.2M
Major Depression: Stage 1 Genomewide Association in Population-Based SamplesR01MH081802 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI SULLIVAN, PATRICK F · 2007 to 2007
$138k
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation) n/aEC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020) 101057385EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020) FAMILY #101057529EPA EP-C-15-001Harry Crossley Foundation the Harry Crossley Clinical Research FellowshipKoninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) Academy Professor Award (PAH/6635)Ministry of Health and Care Services | Helse Sør-Øst RHF (Southern and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority) 2020022Ministry of Health and Care Services | Helse Sør-Øst RHF (Southern and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority) 2021045Ministry of Health and Care Services | Helse Sør-Øst RHF (Southern and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority) 2022083 and 2019097NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK092127NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH058799NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH081802NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH124851NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH129751NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089951NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089995NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH122681NIMH NIH HHS U24 MH068457Norges Forskningsråd (Research Council of Norway) 274611Norges Forskningsråd (Research Council of Norway) 336085RCUK | Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) ES/P000592/1RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) G0701484, MR/K021389/1, MR/T003057/1RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) MR/N026063/1RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) MR/Y009665/1Simons Foundation 724306Simons Foundation n/aSouth African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) n/aUniversity of Surrey n/aU.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) NIH/NIMH 1R01MH124851-01U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) R01MH129751 and U01MH122681Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust (Wellcome) 214322\Z\18\Z and 226392/Z/22/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Early temperament, such as socio-emotional development and activity level, varies widely, yet its underlying biological associations are not understood. We identified genetic variation associated with infant and toddler temperament using genome-wide association meta-analyses. We studied parent-rated emotionality, activity, shyness and sociability (n = 43,963-72,663) in the second and third postnatal years and a cross-age average. Cross-age single nucleotide polymorphism heritabilities for emotionality, activity, shyness and sociability were 6.79% (95% confidence interval (CI), (4.71%, 8.87%)), 9.55% (95% CI, (7.04%, 12.06%)), 15.26% (95% CI, (12.24%, 18.28%)) and 3.42% (95% CI, (1.30%, 5.54%)), respectively. Ten genome-wide significant loci were discovered. Two loci colocalized with expression quantitative trait loci in the adult cortex: RHEBL1 (posterior probability, 0.93; associated with activity) and MR1 (posterior probability, 0.99; with emotionality). Genetic correlations were observed between early temperament and later outcomes, such as emotionality and adult neuroticism, activity and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), sociability and autism, and shyness and adult extraversion. Multi-ancestry (n = 56,083-78,894) and European-ancestry analyses gave similar results. Infant and toddler temperament is associated with genetic variation and shows genetic continuity with later outcomes.

Indexed as

Genome-Wide Association StudyTemperamentChild, PreschoolEmotionsFemaleHumansInfantMalePolymorphism, Single NucleotideShynessWhite People

Identifiers

PMID42386913
PMCPMC13590410

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.