ArticleEuropean journal of pediatrics2026
Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Physical Activity Parenting Questionnaire for Children.
Article in European journal of pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Parental practices play a critical role in shaping children's physical activity behaviors, particularly during early school age when parental influence remains strong. The Physical Activity Parenting Questionnaire for Children (PAP-C) is a child-reported, multidimensional instrument designed for children aged 7-10 years; however, no validated Turkish version is currently available. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the PAP-C. This methodological, cross-sectional study included 279 children aged 7-10 years attending a pediatric outpatient clinic in Türkiye. The PAP-C was translated and culturally adapted following internationally accepted guidelines. Content validity was assessed. Construct validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω. The study included 279 children (mean age: 8.6 years). The Turkish PAP-C demonstrated strong content validity (S-CVI). Sociodemographic variables showed no significant differences in scale scores, except for higher Involvement scores in children whose fathers had primary school education (p = 0.033). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed an acceptable to good model fit (CFI: 0.923, TLI: 0.913, RMSEA: 0.055). Standardized factor loadings ranged from 0.599 to 0.866. All subscales exceeded empirical thresholds for convergent validity. The total scale showed good reliability (Omega: 0.951). HTMT values confirmed distinct discriminant validity among the three latent factors.
conclusionThe Turkish version of the PAP-C is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing children's perceptions of physical activity related parenting practices. It provides a culturally appropriate tool for both research and clinical assessment. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Parental practices are key determinants of children's physical activity behaviors, and children's perceptions of parenting are closely linked to motivation and engagement. • The Physical Activity Parenting Questionnaire for Children is a child-reported, multidimensional instrument grounded in Self-Determination Theory, capturing three parenting domains (Structure for Activity, Autonomy Support, and Involvement) and has been validated only in limited cultural contexts. WHAT IS NEW: • This study provides the first Turkish translation, cultural adaptation, and psychometric evaluation of the Physical Activity Parenting Questionnaire for Children in children aged 7-10 years. • Content validity was established with high item-level content validity index and scale-level content validity index based on the average method scores, demonstrating strong expert agreement on item relevance and cultural appropriateness.
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