ArticleAddictive behaviors reports2026
A randomized double-blind sham-controlled preliminary study of a 5-week protocol of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for gambling disorder in Indonesia.
Article in Addictive behaviors reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Gambling disorder (GD) has increased in prevalence particularly in Indonesia where online gambling predominates. Gambling harm may involve not only individuals with GD but also their significant others. This preliminary study aims to investigate the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in conjunction with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared to sham rTMS with CBT in treating individuals with GD. Twenty seven participants diagnosed with GD were randomly assigned to receive either active or sham rTMS over five weeks, alongside a standardized CBT program. Outcomes were assessed at multiple time points using various standardized measures. This protocol was safe and well-tolerated, with minimal adverse events (adverse event rate: 7.2%). Both groups displayed significant reductions in gambling symptoms measured by the Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale. However, no significant differences were observed between the active and sham rTMS groups. The active rTMS group demonstrated faster reductions in gambling craving [B: 2.63 (95% CI 0.55 to 4.70), p: 0.015] and gambling-related cognition, particularly in the domains of gambling expectancies [B: 1.84 (95% CI 0.98 to 2.71),
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