ArticleiScience2026
Global landscape of liver disease burden in 1990-2021.
Article in iScience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Liver diseases remain a major global contributor to disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Using Global Burden of Disease 2021 data, we applied a three-tier framework linking total liver diseases to acute hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and their main etiologies. In 2021, liver diseases caused 309.72 million new cases, 1.98 million deaths, and 63.53 million DALYs worldwide. Although global age-standardized rates declined, death and DALY rates increased in High-income North America and Australasia, with steatosis- and alcohol-related liver diseases accounting for a growing share of the burden. Independent datasets, including the World Health Organization and Global Cancer Observatory sources, supported these regional patterns. Disease burden showed marked age, sex, and etiological disparities, with metabolic factors rising rapidly. Although overall mortality is projected to decline, liver cancer due to steatohepatitis and hepatoblastoma is projected to rise. These findings highlight persistent regional, demographic, and etiological disparities and the need for targeted public health action.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.