ArticleMolecular psychiatry2026
Shared and specific associations of amygdala nuclei volumes with PTSD symptom domains and childhood trauma: An ENIGMA-PGC PTSD mega-analysis.
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Article in Molecular psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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108 authors.
Mary S MuffordDivision of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. mary.mufford@wits.ac.za.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8409-9217
Dennis van der MeerCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
C Lexi BairdBrain Imaging Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Delin SunDepartment of Veteran Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
Kevin S LaBarCenter for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8253-5417
Raj RamesarSouth African Medical Research Council Genomic and Precision Medicine Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Ahmed HussainBrain Imaging Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0005-8761-7525
Chadi G AbdallahDepartment of Psychiatry, Baylor college of medicine, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5783-6181
Elpiniki AndrewDepartment of Psychology, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
Christopher L AverillDepartment of Psychiatry, Baylor college of medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Justin T BakerInstitute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Lee A BaughDivision of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA.
Jennifer U BlackfordMunroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0261-4845
Jessica BomyeaDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
Richard A BryantSchool of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-819X
Christopher R K ChingImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2921-3408
Kyle ChoiHealth Services Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
Andrew S CottonDepartment of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Judith K DanielsDepartment of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
Nicholas D DavenportResearch, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Richard J DavidsonCenter for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8506-4964
Michael D De BellisBrain Imaging Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Emily L DennisDepartment of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Maria DensmoreDepartment of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Terri A deRoon-CassiniDivision of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9485-0625
Seth G DisnerDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3635-9421
Stefan du PlessisDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
Amit EtkinAlto Neuroscience, Inc, Mountain View, CA, USA.
Negar FaniDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7720-252X
Kelene A FerchoFederal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C., USA.
Jacklynn FitzgeraldDepartment of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6076-4067
Elbert GeuzeBrain Research & Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3479-2379
Evan M GordonMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2276-5237
Daniel W GrupeCenter for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4927-7572
Ilan Harpaz-RotemDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6066-9406
Courtney C RusselBrain Imaging Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Julia I HerzogDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8326-5466
David HofmannInstitute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-634X
Anna R HudsonDepartment of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5752-7888
Jonathan IpserSouth African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Neda JahanshadImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
Tanja JovanovicDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6456-0053
Milissa L KaufmanDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Saskia B J KochDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Inga K KoertePsychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1281-9286
Mayuresh S KorgaonkarBrain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1339-2221
John H KrystalDivision of Clinical Neuroscience, National Center for PTSD, West Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6952-1726
Ruth LaniusDepartment of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3758-1393
Christine LarsonDepartment of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1359-6080
Lauren A M LeboisDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5816-9181
Ifat LevyDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7851-9070
Gen LiLaboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Israel LiberzonDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science. Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4990-556X
Mark W LogueNational Center for PTSD: Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
Vincent A MagnottaDepartment of Radiology, Psychiatry, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-5354
Antje MantheyHealth and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
Adi Maron-KatzDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Geoffrey MayDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science. Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
Katie A McLaughlinBallmer Institute for Children's Behavioral Health, University of Oregon, Portland, OR, USA.
Sven C MuellerDepartment of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1661-3840
Laura NawijnDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Steven M NelsonDepartment of Pediatrics and Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Yuval NeriaDepartment of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
Richard W J NeufeldDepartment of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Jack B NitschkeDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Erin N O'LearyDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2993-7003
Bunmi O OlatunjiDepartment of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
Miranda OlffDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-9515
Elizabeth A OlsonDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Matthew PeverillDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8257-1004
K Luan PhanDepartment of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Evelyn PinedaDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
Kerry J ResslerDepartment of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-1103
Isabelle M RossoDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Lauren E SalminenImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
Kelly MeltzerDepartment of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Christian SchmahlDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
Soraya SeedatSouth African Medical Research Council on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-786X
Caitlin A SharpDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
Martha E ShentonPsychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4235-7879
Anika SierkDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Charité, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1396-8075
Raluca M SimonsDepartment of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA.
Jeffrey S SimonsSioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
Scott R SponheimDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2782-0856
Murray B SteinDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9564-2871
Jennifer S StevensDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4674-0314
Thomas StraubeInstitute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Benjamin Suarez-JimenezDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4765-2458
Jean ThébergeDepartment of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7578-4469
Sophia I ThomopolousImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0046-4070
Nic J A van der WeeDepartment of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
Steven J A van der WerffDepartment of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
Theo G M van ErpDepartment of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2465-2797
Sanne J H van RooijDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0160-7248
Mirjam van ZuidenDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1225-2702
Dick J VeltmanDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Robert R J M VermeirenDepartment of Psychiatry & Psychology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
Henrik WalterDepartment of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-6121
Xin WangDepartment of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1524-2902
Li WangLaboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1459-3412
Hong XieDepartment of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5762-6456
Xi ZhuDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
Ye ZhuLaboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Paul M ThompsonImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4720-8867
Ole A AndreassenCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-3568
Dan J SteinSouth African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-7810
Rajendra A MoreyBrain Imaging Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6517-6969
Shareefa DalvieSouth African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that may develop after trauma exposure. PTSD is characterized by considerable clinical heterogeneity. The amygdala's key role in fear conditioning makes it an important focus for investigating the neurobiology of PTSD. However, associations between amygdala volume and PTSD have been inconsistent. The amygdala consists of functionally distinct nuclei. Specific associations between amygdala nuclei volumes and PTSD may account for previous discrepancies between PTSD and whole amygdala volume. This study investigates the associations between amygdala nuclei volumes, PTSD diagnosis, severity, symptom cluster scores, age of onset and childhood trauma. Individuals with a PTSD diagnosis (n = 771) and controls (n = 1 081, 72% trauma-exposed) were sourced from the Enhancing Neuro-Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis and Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (mean age = 32.4 years, (SD = 13 years), 60% male). Nine amygdala nuclei volumes were compared to PTSD diagnosis, age of onset, overall severity, symptom cluster scores (re-experiencing, arousal, and avoidance/emotional numbing), and childhood trauma subscales. Analyses were performed using ordinary least-squares regression, corrected for age, sex, intracranial volume, and whole amygdala volume. PTSD diagnosis was not significantly associated with amygdala nuclei volumes. PTSD severity scores were associated with smaller right lateral nucleus volume (β = -0.26, p
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