ArticleFrontiers in physiology2026
Effects of acute warm-up intensity and baseline fitness on running performance in adolescents.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study investigated the interactive effects of acute warm-up intensity and baseline physical fitness on cardiovascular responses and subsequent running performance in adolescents within a school-based physical education setting. In a counterbalanced, repeated-measures crossover design, 132 adolescents completed a low-intensity warm-up (self-paced walking) and a moderate-intensity warm-up (modified interval-based circuit, ~70% estimated HRmax) on separate occasions, each followed by a 20-minute self-paced running task. After quality control, valid running performance data were obtained from 110 participants, and heart rate data were analyzed in a stratified subsample of 100 participants. Baseline fitness was categorized into middle-to-high fitness (grades 1-3) and low fitness (grades 4-5) based on national normative data from the Physical Activity Promotion System. Cardiovascular response, assessed as mean heart rate during the warm-up, and running performance outcomes, including total distance and mean speed, were analyzed using a mixed-effects model. A significant interaction between warm-up intensity and baseline fitness was observed for both total running distance (p = 0.027) and mean running speed (p = 0.030). Following the moderate-intensity warm-up, the middle-to-high fitness group demonstrated greater running distance and speed compared with the low-intensity condition, whereas the same standardized moderate-intensity warm-up did not improve performance in the low-fitness group. The moderate-intensity warm-up elicited higher mean heart rate than the low-intensity warm-up across participants (p < 0.0001), with no significant interaction between warm-up intensity and fitness level. These findings suggest that baseline fitness may moderate the performance response to an acute warm-up in adolescents. Overall, a universal warm-up prescription may not be equally effective across students with varying fitness levels, and individualized, relative-intensity approaches warrant further investigation in school-based physical education settings.
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