Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42395085›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of preventive cardiology2026

Intake of B vitamins and their circulating levels in relation to incident stroke in women and men: Findings from two national prospective cohorts in the United States.

Xinge Zhang, Bo Yang, Bernadette Boden-Albala, Hoda Anton-Culver, Matthew Allison, Linda Van Horn, Tracy E Madsen, Shaista Malik, JoAnn E Manson, Marian L Neuhouser and 3 more

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In one paragraph

Article in American journal of preventive cardiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Xinge ZhangDepartment of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Joe C. Wen School of Population and Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Bo YangDepartment of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Joe C. Wen School of Population and Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Bernadette Boden-AlbalaDepartment of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Joe C. Wen School of Population and Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Hoda Anton-CulverGenetic Epidemiology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Matthew AllisonDepartment of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Linda Van HornDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Tracy E MadsenDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
Shaista MalikSusan Samueli Integrative Health Institute, Mary and Steve Wen Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
JoAnn E MansonDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Marian L NeuhouserDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
Alexander P ReinerDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
Nathan D WongDepartment of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Joe C. Wen School of Population and Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Simin LiuDepartment of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Joe C. Wen School of Population and Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Evidence linking different B vitamins to stroke risk remains sparse, particularly regarding long-term intake and dose-response thresholds in populations fortified with folic acids. Objective: To prospectively investigate the associations of long-term intake of B vitamins and their circulating levels with incident stroke. Methods: Using a validated food frequency questionnaire, we assessed intake of B vitamins among 121,565 participants in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). We also examined circulating levels of B vitamins in relation to stroke risk among 99,660 All of Us Research Program (AoU) participants. Multivariable Cox models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Results: In WHI (6803 incident stroke cases; median follow-up: 18.4 years), higher long-term intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, and folate were significantly associated with lower stroke risk, with HRs (95 % CI) of 0.84 (0.76, 0.92), 0.90 (0.81, 0.99), 0.80 (0.72, 0.88), 0.88 (0.80, 0.96), and 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) comparing the highest to the lowest quintiles, respectively. Most B vitamins exhibited reverse J-shaped associations, whereas folate showed a linear inverse relationship up to at least 2000 dietary folate equivalent (DFE)/day. In AoU (5163 incident stroke cases; median follow-up: 5.7 years), higher plasma folate and pyridoxine were associated with lower risk (HRs: 0.86 and 0.50, respectively). Conclusions: In two large prospective cohorts of US adults, higher intake of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, and folate, as well as higher circulating concentrations of pyridoxine and folate, were associated with a lower risk of stroke, even after folic acid fortification.

Indexed as

B vitaminFolateNiacinRiboflavinStrokeThiamin

Identifiers

PMID42395085
PMCPMC13325978

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.