ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Mismatch between global patient blood management policy and nursing education: evidence from four countries.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Patient Blood Management (PBM) is an evidence-based approach to optimising transfusion practices and improving patient outcomes, yet its integration into nursing education remains limited and insufficiently explored across healthcare systems. This study examined nursing master's students' awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and educational needs related to PBM and non-blood management in a cross-national context. Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted among 645 nursing master's students from Poland, Germany, Kazakhstan, and Iran between October 2023 and April 2024. A purpose-built questionnaire assessed self-reported awareness and objective knowledge across PBM domains. Knowledge indices were analysed using Poisson regression to identify associations with socio-demographic and professional factors. Results: Students across all countries demonstrated consistently low objective knowledge despite moderate self-reported awareness, indicating a clear awareness-knowledge gap. Mean scores for self-reported knowledge ranged from 1.40 to 2.03, whereas mean objective knowledge scores ranged from 2.83 to 6.86 for non-blood management techniques, 1.91 to 5.53 for pharmacological PBM strategies, and 1.22 to 4.28 for PBM-related risks. Deficits were evident across key PBM domains, including alternative treatments, pharmacological strategies, and associated risks. Although some between-country variation was observed, overall patterns remained consistent. Higher knowledge levels were associated with greater professional experience, prior exposure to patients refusing transfusion, and selected socio-demographic factors. Most participants reported insufficient formal PBM education, with only a minority feeling adequately prepared, alongside a strong demand for structured training. Conclusion: PBM remains insufficiently embedded in nursing education, which may limit preparedness for safe and evidence-based transfusion practice. Strengthening its integration into curricula and postgraduate training may help bridge the gap between global PBM recommendations and clinical competence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.