Evidence mapPaperPMID 42395780Full record

ReviewRSC advances2026

Privileged nitrogen heterocycles in anticancer drug discovery: recent advances on imidazole, indole, and pyrimidine scaffolds.

Maithreyi Govindarajan, Lalmohan Maji, Subramaniyan Mannathan, Kathiravan Muthu Kumaradoss, Arpan Chowdhury, Seetharama D Jois, Baburaj Baskar

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in RSC advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Maithreyi GovindarajanLaboratory of Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India baskarb@srmist.edu.in.
Lalmohan MajiDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu 603203 India.
Subramaniyan MannathanDepartment of Chemistry, SRM University-AP Amaravati Andhra Pradesh 522240 India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3114-8265
Kathiravan Muthu KumaradossDr APJ Abdul Kalam Research Laboratory, SRM College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu 603203 India kathirak@srmist.edu.in.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8357-2730
Arpan ChowdhuryDepartment of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0876-8546
Seetharama D JoisDepartment of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA.
Baburaj BaskarLaboratory of Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India baskarb@srmist.edu.in.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4463-1627

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Imidazoles, indoles, and pyrimidines are promising heterocyclic scaffolds for anticancer drug discovery. Based on the literature from 2020 to 2025, this review summarises that structurally diverse imidazoles, particularly ether-linked and long-chain variants, exhibit robust anticancer activity through multi-target protein inhibition and minimal off-target effects. Indoles trigger apoptosis and inhibit angiogenesis, while pyrimidines and their hybrids exhibit nanomolar potency and often outperform conventional chemotherapy. These scaffolds collectively modulate important pathways in cancer and exhibit enhanced selectivity toward tumour cells; however, clinical translation is challenging mainly due to incomplete mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics. Further rational optimisation and green synthesis methods may accelerate the development of these heterocycles into next-generation anticancer agents.

Identifiers

PMID42395780
PMCPMC13326581

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.