SynthesisFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2026
Engineered extracellular vesicles for ischemic heart diseases: modification methods, targeted delivery strategies, and multi-modal therapies - A systematic review.
Synthesis in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background/purpose: Due to the complex pathological process of ischemic heart diseases (IHD), a single treatment strategy had limited efficacy. Multi-targeted synergy, precise delivery, and long-lasting effects were new directions for treatment. Engineering extracellular vesicles (EVs) had become a research hotspot in the field of IHD treatment due to their ability carrying therapeutic signaling molecules, precise tissue targeting capabilities, and excellent biocompatibilities. This systematic review focused on the modification methods, targeting strategies, and combined effects of multi-pathway synergy of engineered EVs in IHD treatment. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted in 8 databases. According to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, the literature was screened, and relevant information was extracted based on the research purpose. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted information, and evaluated the quality of literatures. Results: A total of 50 animal studies were included. The existing studies mainly achieved the engineering modification of EVs through internal loading/knockdown, surface modification, membrane fusion, combination with biotechnological materials, and pre-treatment; and by using targeting peptides or specific antibodies modification, membrane fusion, and Conclusion: There was an intrinsic association between the multi-association therapeutic effects of engineered EVs and the modification methods. Currently, the modification strategies of engineered EVs formed a composite system of " internal cargo loading/knockdown of core signaling molecules + surface modification and membrane fusion to enhance targeting specificity + combination with bioengineering materials for local sustained release", which met the multiple needs of multi-targeted synergy, precise delivery, and long-lasting effects. This systematic review provided key theoretical basis and practical guidance for constructing a multifunctional EVs delivery system for treating IHD and accelerating its clinical translation and application.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.