ArticleJournal of the American Heart Association2026
Academic Achievements in Adolescents With Congenital Heart Disease: A Total Population-Based Cohort Study.
Article in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImproved survival in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) has unveiled associated long-term neurodevelopmental impairments. However, the long-term effects on academic performance and the influence of sex, family, socioeconomic factors, and surgical era remain understudied, limited by small and incomplete cohorts.
methodsThis total-population cohort study with nested sibling analysis included all singletons born in Sweden between 1987 and 2005 who had complete socioeconomic data and resided in Sweden at age 16 years. Academic achievement at age 16 was assessed by upper secondary school qualification. Poisson and logistic regression were used to estimate adjusted prevalences, risk ratios, and risk differences. Adjustments were made for year of birth and socioeconomic status. Stratification by noncardiac congenital anomalies, sex, and surgical era was performed.
resultsOf 1 800 477 singletons included, 16 075 (0.9%) had CHD, classified hierarchically as univentricular heart (n=349), severe (n=1939), moderate (n=1764), or mild CHD (n=12 023). After excluding major noncardiac congenital anomalies, the adjusted risk difference for failing to meet upper secondary school qualification compared with children without CHD was 11 (95% CI, 5-17), 7 (95% CI, 4-9), 6 (95% CI, 3-8), and 2 (95% CI, 2-3) additional children per 100 for univentricular heart, severe, moderate, and mild CHD, respectively. Children with both CHD and noncardiac anomalies had poorer academic outcomes than those with CHD alone. Findings were consistent in sibling analyses and over time.
conclusionsAdolescents with CHD inherently face poorer academic performance, worsening with disease severity and persisting over time.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.