Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42396877›Full record

ReviewImmunology and cell biology2026

Mechanisms of Therapeutic Resistance and Recent Advances in Glioblastoma Treatment.

Emerson Achari, Farah Ahmady-Nield, Amit Sharma, Ingo G H Schmidt-Wolf, Jarek Maciaczyk, Rodney B Luwor, Adrian A Achuthan

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Immunology and cell biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Emerson AchariDepartment of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Farah Ahmady-NieldFiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.
Amit SharmaDepartment of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2216-5389
Ingo G H Schmidt-WolfDepartment of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Jarek MaciaczykDepartment of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Rodney B LuworFiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.
Adrian A AchuthanDepartment of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

High-grade central nervous system cancers incur a significant burden of care on society. The combination of therapeutic resistance and high mortality makes it both a challenging target and a devastating diagnosis. Of these, one in two is characterized as glioblastoma (GBM) with a median survival rate of only 13.5 months with the current standard of therapy. Modern interventions, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibition and autologous CAR T cell delivery, remain stymied by both the difficult nature of drug delivery to the brain and the inherent immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. However, recent advances in the characterization of GBM have unveiled promising new therapeutic avenues aiming to target and eliminate the tumor. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms through which GBM is initiated, localized, and eludes therapy responses and provide an update on recent advances made within this therapeutic space to overcome GBM-mediated immunosuppression. We also discuss the challenges with current and next generational treatment strategies before finally exploring the landscape of potential future therapeutic targets.

Indexed as

Brain NeoplasmsDrug Resistance, NeoplasmGlioblastomaAnimalsHumansImmunotherapyTumor Microenvironmentglioblastomahypoxiaimmunosuppressionimmunotherapytumor microenvironment

Identifiers

PMID42396877
PMCPMC13436261

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.