ArticleUnited European gastroenterology journal2026
Prevalence of Self-Reported Non-Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity and Its Association With Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction and Disordered Eating.
Article in United European gastroenterology journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundNoncoeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) remains a controversial clinical entity at the intersection between disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) and disordered eating. We aimed to determine the prevalence of self-reported NCGS and to characterise its association with DGBI and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) symptoms in an adult general population.
methodsWe conducted a population-based internet survey with pre-defined demographic quotas across the United States of America and United Kingdom in 2023. Participants completed the Rome IV diagnostic questionnaire, the Nine-Item ARFID screen, and validated instruments for psychological distress, somatisation and quality of life.
resultsA total of 4002 participants (50% female; median age 46 years) were included in the analyses. The prevalence of NCGS was 14.2% (95% CI, 13.1-15.3). Participants with self-reported NCGS reported more nongluten food intolerances than those without self-reported NCGS (median 3 vs. 0, p < 0.001). Among individuals with NCGS, 69.4% (95% CI, 65.4-73.1) had concomitant DGBI and/or ARFID symptoms, with nearly one-quarter (24.0%; 95% CI, 20.6-27.8) meeting the criteria for all three conditions. Those with comorbid self-reported NCGS, DGBI and ARFID symptoms had the highest levels of psychological distress, somatic symptom reporting, increased healthcare utilisation and reduced quality of life (all p < 0.001).
conclusionNCGS is reported by approximately one in seven adults in the United States of America and United Kingdom. Individuals with self-reported NCGS frequently meet diagnostic criteria for DGBI and/or ARFID symptoms, and those who experience all three entities represent a distinct high-severity phenotype. Our findings suggest that self-reported NCGS may represent a broader syndrome of food-related symptom attribution rather than gluten-specific pathology.
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