ArticleThe Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology2026
Chromosome-scale genome of Myriophyllum spicatum unveils the role of allohexaploidy in driving aquatic adaptation and widespread invasion.
Article in The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Aquatic angiosperms have repeatedly evolved from terrestrial ancestors but face major challenges in water. We assembled a high-quality, chromosome-scale allohexaploid genome of the cosmopolitan, invasive submerged macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum (AABBCC) and show how allohexaploidy drives aquatic adaptation and invasion. We identify subgenome-asymmetric expression, including a set of Subgenome B-suppressed genes enriched for photosynthesis-related functions and a set of Subgenome C-suppressed genes enriched for genome stability/DNA damage response-related functions. TE insertions are significantly enriched in these suppressed gene sets and coincide with structural simplification (shorter and fewer exons) and reduced expression, supporting subgenome regulatory asymmetry. Concurrently, core flavonoid genes expand via tandem duplications, while cell wall-related families contract. Adaptive substitutions in FLS1 and SGR2 likely enhance cold tolerance and refine photomorphogenic and gravitropic responses, supporting aquatic morphology and canopy formation. Collectively, these results illuminate the molecular bases of ecological adaptability and broad geographic distribution in an invasive aquatic polyploid M. spicatum and provide a comparative framework for investigating environmental adaptation and post-polyploid genome stabilization in freshwater macrophytes.
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