ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2026
Beyond iodine nutrition: socioeconomic patterns independently drive thyroid disease risk in pregnant women in Xinjiang.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: To investigate the impact of distinct socioeconomic status (SES) patterns on the risk of thyroid diseases in pregnant women against the background of adequate iodine nutrition. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Xinjiang from 2021 to 2022, enrolling 1,166 pregnant women. Fasting venous blood and urine samples were collected to assess thyroid function and iodine nutritional indicators. Long-term and short-term iodine intake were evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire and a 3-day 24-h dietary recall, respectively. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify socioeconomic-environmental patterns based on region, income, education, occupation, and passive smoking status. Multivariable regression models were constructed to analyze the association between SES patterns and thyroid outcomes, adjusting for maternal and environmental covariates. Mediation analysis models were used to assess the mediating effect of iodine nutritional indicators. Results: Three SES patterns were identified: Pattern A (Northern Xinjiang-Housewife-dominant Low SES, 37.14%), Pattern B (Southern Xinjiang-Housewife-dominant Low-to-Middle SES, 41.60%), and Pattern C (Highly Educated-Professional Women-High SES, 21.27%). Compared with Pattern A, Pattern C was significantly associated with lower TSH levels ( Conclusion: Against the overall background of adequate iodine nutrition, differences in socioeconomic patterns were independently associated with thyroid disease outcomes in pregnant women in Xinjiang, and this influence is not dependent on differences in iodine intake. This study suggests that prevention and control strategies for perinatal thyroid diseases should extend beyond single nutritional interventions towards psychological support and comprehensive environmental management targeting specific social roles.
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