Development and psychometric validation of a knowledge-attitudes-practices questionnaire for virtual reality training in tennis: a cross-sectional study among Chinese university students with tennis training experience.

Rui Liu, Hazwani Ahmad Yusof, ZiMei Zhong, Wen Jie Wu, Rohayu Hami

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Psychological outcomes and intention to use following an 8-week virtual reality tennis training programme: a randomised controlled trial with exploratory mediation analysis.BMC psychology · 2026
Trial

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Rui LiuPusat Kanser Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (PKTAAB), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-1468-0609

Hazwani Ahmad YusofPusat Kanser Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (PKTAAB), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-8425

ZiMei ZhongHezhou University, Hezhou, Guangxi, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-6848-9967

Wen Jie WuHezhou University, Hezhou, Guangxi, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-5074-8606

Rohayu HamiPusat Kanser Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (PKTAAB), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. rohayuhami@usm.my.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7776-5210

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAt present, there is no validated instrument to assess athletes' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) concerning virtual reality (VR) in sports training. This study developed and psychometrically validated a VR Tennis KAP questionnaire for Chinese university students with tennis training experience.

methodsA cross-sectional survey involving 480 collegiate tennis players was executed. The 30-item scale, developed through expert consultation and pilot testing, was subjected to reliability and validity evaluation utilising exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA/CFA).

resultsEFA revealed a three-factor structure accounting for 47.4% of variance. CFA verified exceptional model fit ($\chi^2/df = 1.08$; $CFI = 0.994$; $RMSEA = 0.013$). Internal consistency was excellent across all subscales (total α = 0.918). Participants with prior VR experience demonstrated significantly higher scores ($d = 0.72, p < .001$) than those without prior VR experience.

conclusionsThe questionnaire demonstrates strong psychometric properties, serving as a valid tool for assessing perceptions of VR technology in sports research and interventions.

Indexed as

Confirmatory factor analysisKnowledge-attitudes-practicesPsychometric propertiesQuestionnaire validationVirtual reality training

Identifiers

PMID42415141

DOI10.1186/s13102-026-01858-8

PMCPMC13488292

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.