Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42416185›Full record

ArticleAlpha psychiatry2026

Comparative Trends in the Burden of Depressive Disorders in China and Globally, 1990-2021: Evidence From the Global Burden of Disease 2021.

Rui Li, Jiawen Huo, Junjiao Ping, Jing Wan, Xuan Ren, Shuyi Zhu, Aoxiang Luo, Tingyun Jiang

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Alpha psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Rui LiDepartment of Psychiatry, The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, 528451 Zhongshan, Guangdong, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1760-1571
Jiawen HuoDepartment of Psychiatry, The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, 528451 Zhongshan, Guangdong, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8843-9179
Junjiao PingDepartment of Scientific Research and Education, The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, 528451 Zhongshan, Guangdong, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6454-9444
Jing WanDepartment of Medical Affairs, The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, 528451 Zhongshan, Guangdong, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6504-1125
Xuan RenSchool of Nursing, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510310 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9319-5180
Shuyi ZhuSchool of Nursing, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510310 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2096-3994
Aoxiang LuoSchool of Nursing, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510310 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3897-9854
Tingyun JiangDepartment of Psychiatry, The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, 528451 Zhongshan, Guangdong, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2165-3819

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Depressive disorders are among the leading causes of global disability, with steadily increasing incidence and prevalence posing serious challenges to public health systems. As one of the most populous countries worldwide, China's disease burden trajectory holds significant implications for global mental health trends. However, few studies have systematically compared China's long-term trends with global patterns. This study aimed to evaluate the disease burden of depressive disorders in China from 1990 to 2021 using Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) data and to systematically compare these trends with global trajectories, with additional analysis across age and sex subgroups. Methods: We extracted data on the number of incident cases, prevalent cases, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for depressive disorders, along with their corresponding age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) from the GBD 2021 database. Joinpoint regression was used to estimate the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and the average annual percentage change (AAPC). The statistical significance of temporal trends was assessed based on 95% confidence intervals and two-sided Results: From 1990 to 2021, the number of depressive disorder cases in China showed an overall increasing trend, whereas ASIR, ASPR, and ASDR exhibited a gradual overall decline; in contrast, these age-standardized indicators showed a slight overall increase at the global level. Age-stratified analyses showed that ASIR, ASPR, and ASDR increased rapidly among individuals aged 10-24 years in both China and globally. From age 25 onward, the global burden of depressive disorders was mainly concentrated in the 25-49-year age group and declined with increasing age; in China, however, the disease burden remained at relatively high levels among middle-aged and older adults, with ASPR and ASDR peaking in the 40-69-year age group and then declining gradually. Sex-stratified analyses showed that, in both China and globally, females had higher overall disease burden levels than males in terms of incident cases, prevalent cases, DALYs, and corresponding age-standardized indicators. Conclusions: Despite China's declining standardized burden, depressive disorders remain a major public health concern. The observed differences in age distribution and sex-specific burden, as well as divergent trends between China and global levels, underscore the need for targeted mental health interventions focused on adolescents, older adults, and women. These findings contribute to the evidence base for formulating population-specific mental health policies through a global comparative lens.

Indexed as

Chinadepressive disordersepidemiologyglobal burden of diseaseglobal healthregression analysis

Identifiers

PMID42416185
PMCPMC13339878

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.