ArticleBMJ open2026
Factors associated with chronic kidney disease awareness and preventive self-care practices among patients with diabetes: a cross-sectional study at Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesTo assess factors associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) awareness and preventive self-care among people living with diabetes at a national tertiary hospital in Tanzania.
designHospital-based cross-sectional analytical study.
settingThe study was conducted at the diabetic clinic of Muhimbili National Hospital in Tanzania.
participantsA total of 271 patients attending the diabetic clinic were enrolled. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes were awareness and preventive self-care regarding CKD among patients. Median scores were used to categorise awareness as either higher or lower and preventive self-care practices as either better or poorer. Factors associated with awareness and preventive self-care were analysed using logistic regression models.
methodsData were collected using a structured questionnaire capturing sociodemographic characteristics, CKD awareness and CKD preventive self-care practices. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors.
resultsAmong respondents, 114 (42.1%) had higher CKD awareness while 141 (52.0%) demonstrated better CKD preventive self-care practices. Younger age (<40 years; adjusted OR (AOR): 0.40; 95% CI 0.203 to 0.801; p=0.009), lower education level (AOR: 0.48; 95% CI 0.289 to 0.807; p=0.005) and rural residency (AOR: 0.52; 95% CI 0.300 to 0.917; p=0.024) were independently associated with lower CKD awareness. Conversely, respondents with fewer years of living with diabetes (<5 years; AOR: 2.05; 95% CI 1.173 to 3.592; p=0.012) and those with a family history of diabetes (AOR: 1.84; 95% CI 1.082 to 3.127; p=0.024) were more likely to have poorer CKD preventive self-care practices.
conclusionThis study found low awareness and suboptimal CKD self-care among people living with diabetes. Awareness was associated with age, education level and residence, while self-care was associated with diabetes duration and family history. These findings highlight the need for early, structured education addressing CKD risk, misconceptions and culturally appropriate behaviour-change strategies to improve adherence.
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