ArticleObesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2026
The Sex-Stratified Effects of RSPO3 Expression on Body Fat and Blood Lipids: An Omics Mendelian Randomization Study.
Article in Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveThis study examined sex-stratified effects of R-spondin 3 (RSPO3) expression levels on body fat and blood lipids and their potential mediation effects through sex hormones.
methodsWe performed a sex-stratified genome-wide association study (GWAS) of RSPO3 protein (N = 18,529 men and 21,323 women). We used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to examine associations of RSPO3 expression with the outcomes. Sex-stratified MR estimates were compared using the pairwise z score test and Cochran's Q test. We conducted two-step MR analyses to explore mediation effects through sex hormones.
resultsSex-stratified GWAS identified nine loci associated with RSPO3 protein levels, including three novel signals and four female-stratified loci. In women, RSPO3 protein levels were associated with visceral adipose tissue (β = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.34), waist circumference (0.10, 0.05 to 0.15), hip circumference (0.10, 0.05 to 0.15), triglycerides (0.22, 0.18 to 0.26), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-0.17, -0.21 to -0.13), and apolipoprotein A (-0.11, -0.15 to -0.06). We also observed sex differences in these associations. Two-step MR showed that RSPO3 protein levels affected six outcomes via sex hormone-binding globulin in women, with little evidence in men.
conclusionsOur findings indicated that RSPO3 could be a drug target for regulating body fat distribution and blood lipids in women.
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