ArticleJournal of movement disorders2026
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: Therapeutic Applications and Clinical Perspectives.
Article in Journal of movement disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS), including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), has been investigated as an adjunctive therapeutic approach for neurological and psychiatric disorders. In Parkinson's disease (PD), NIBS is of particular interest because several motor and nonmotor symptoms remain insufficiently controlled by pharmacological or surgical treatments. This review summarizes the mechanisms and clinical applications of NIBS in PD, with emphasis on cortical excitability, synaptic plasticity, and network oscillations. These physiological effects may contribute to therapeutic benefit, although clinical responses vary according to stimulation parameters, disease stage, and concurrent task or rehabilitation context. Among NIBS modalities, rTMS has the most consistent clinical evidence, particularly for improving motor symptoms, gait disturbance, depression, and selected cognitive outcomes when applied to the motor cortex, supplementary motor area, or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. tDCS has shown limited and inconsistent efficacy as a monotherapy for motor symptoms but may have potential benefits for cognitive and mood-related outcomes, especially when combined with physical rehabilitation or cognitive training. tACS remains at an earlier stage of clinical investigation, with preliminary evidence suggesting that frequency-specific stimulation may modulate abnormal oscillatory activity and improve selected motor outcomes, such as tremor or motor stability. Safety, tolerability, and biomarker-guided personalization are important considerations for clinical translation. Further studies are needed to standardize stimulation protocols, assess long-term efficacy, and identify predictors of treatment response. Overall, NIBS represents a generally safe and noninvasive approach that may complement existing treatments for PD. This review summarizes the current evidence and future directions for NIBS-based interventions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.