ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Osteoimmuno-brain axis: a bridge connecting osteoporosis and cognitive decline and its clinical significance in dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Osteoporosis and cognitive dysfunction, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD), frequently co-occur in the elderly population, suggesting shared pathophysiological links. The emerging concept of the "osteoimmune-brain axis" provides a framework that emphasizes the immune system as the central mediator connecting skeletal and cerebral pathology. This review explores how the osteoimmune system-the dynamic interface between bone and immune interactions-influences brain function through pathways including systemic inflammation, cytokine release, and bone-derived hormones. We systematically synthesize evidence from basic mechanisms to clinical studies, with a critical appraisal of the strength and directionality of the evidence. Key questions addressed include: whether the observed associations are causal or merely associative; which bone-derived factors have human validation; and whether the axis primarily operates as a unidirectional driver, a bidirectional amplifier, or an epiphenomenon of shared aging processes. This review aims to provide a balanced theoretical foundation for future research and for developing prevention strategies targeting both skeletal and neurodegenerative diseases.
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