ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2026
Associations of mental health symptoms and triglyceride-glucose index with incident cardiovascular disease: a cohort study from the UK Biobank.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Mental health symptoms often coexist with insulin resistance (IR), and they are independently associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, it remains unclear whether mitigating IR can reduce the risk of incident CVD in populations with mental health symptoms. Methods: This study included 250,716 adults from the UK Biobank free of prevalent CVD at baseline. IR was reflected by the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index. Mental health symptoms were assessed by the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) scores, categorized as no symptoms (0), mild symptoms (1), and clear symptoms (≥ 2). We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the independent and joint associations of TyG and PHQ-4 with incident CVD and myocardial infarction (MI). The multiplicative and additive interactions were assessed between TyG tertiles and PHQ-4 status. Results: During a median follow-up of 13.6 years, 22,867 incident CVD and 7,649 incident MI cases were recorded. Compared to participants with PHQ-4 = 0, those with PHQ-4 ≥ 2 had higher risks of incident CVD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31-1.39) and MI (1.30, 1.23-1.37), and the proportions mediated by TyG were 5.3% (4.5%-6.3%) and 9.3% (7.4%-12.5%), respectively, whereas no significant mediation effect was observed in participants with PHQ-4 = 1. Significant multiplicative (HR for interaction, 1.11; 95%CI, 1.02-1.19) and additive interactions (relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI], 0.25; 95%CI, 0.15-0.35) were found between TyG tertile 3 and PHQ-4 ≥ 2 on incident CVD, and additive interaction (RERI, 0.33; 95%CI, 0.14-0.52) was seen on incident MI. Those with PHQ-4 ≥ 2 and TyG tertile 3 had the highest risks of incident CVD (1.80, 1.71-1.90) and incident MI (2.17, 1.97-2.38). Conclusions: Clear mental health symptoms (PHQ-4 score ≥ 2) were associated with higher risk of incident CVD, with IR reflected by TyG index partially and modestly mediating the association, suggesting that targeting IR may help attenuate cardiovascular risk among populations with clear mental health symptoms. Our findings support integrated interventions to reduce the burden of CVD, particularly in individuals with clear mental health symptoms who are more vulnerable to IR.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.