Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42429883›Full record

ArticleEndocrine2026

Association of rate-pressure product with diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: development and internal validation of a nomogram for diabetic retinopathy identification.

Shimeng Huang, Cong Zhang, Li Wang, Ruoxuan Zheng, Xiaotong Sun, Jingjing Li, Siyu Dong, Rui Hou, Shuang Wu, Xinyu Zhang and 3 more

Abstract readValidation Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Endocrine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Shimeng HuangDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000, China.
Cong ZhangDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000, China.
Li WangDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000, China.
Ruoxuan ZhengDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000, China.
Xiaotong SunDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000, China.
Jingjing LiDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000, China.
Siyu DongDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000, China.
Rui HouDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000, China.
Shuang WuDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000, China.
Xinyu ZhangDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000, China.
Tianpeng ZhangDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000, China.
Chengye XuDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000, China.
Hongyu KuangDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000, China. kuanghongyu@hrbmu.edu.cn.

Funding

a Sub-project of National Science and Technology Major Project 2024ZD0523304Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China U25A2049Key Research and Development Program of Heilongjiang JD22C003the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development funds ZY04JD02
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTo investigate the association and dose-response relationship between rate-pressure product (RPP) and prevalent diabetic retinopathy (DR), and to develop a nomogram for identifying DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

methodsA total of 1,316 hospitalized patients with T2DM, including 464 with DR, were retrospectively enrolled. LASSO regression was used for variable selection. Correlation analyses, multivariable logistic regression, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses were performed to evaluate the association and dose-response relationship between RPP and prevalent DR. Subgroup analyses were conducted to assess the stability of the association. A nomogram was constructed and evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, bootstrap validation, calibration assessment, Brier score, and decision curve analysis.

resultsAfter full adjustment for confounders, RPP was independently and positively associated with prevalent DR. Per 1-SD increase in RPP was associated with higher odds of DR (OR = 1.292, 95% CI: 1.136-1.469; P < 0.001). RCS analysis showed a significant overall association without evidence of nonlinearity (P for nonlinear > 0.05), and a positive dose-response trend was observed (P for trend < 0.001). The association remained consistent across most subgroups without significant interactions. The nomogram incorporating disease duration, using insulin, HbA1c, and RPP demonstrated acceptable discrimination (AUC = 0.732; bootstrap-corrected AUC = 0.727), good calibration, and favorable clinical utility.

conclusionsRPP is independently associated with prevalent DR in patients with T2DM. The RPP-based nomogram shows acceptable discrimination and calibration, suggesting clinical utility for DR identification.

Indexed as

Blood PressureDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Diabetic RetinopathyHeart RateNomogramsAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective Studiesdiabetic retinopathynomogramrate-pressure productType 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID42429883

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.