ArticleBMJ open2026
Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding diabetic nephropathy among patients with diabetes in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesThis study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding diabetic nephropathy among patients with diabetes.
designA cross-sectional survey was conducted.
settingThe survey was administered in a clinical setting.
participantsA total of 410 patients with diabetes completed the questionnaires, with 215 (52.44%) identified as female and 262 (63.9%) not diagnosed with diabetic nephropathy.
interventionsParticipants provided demographic information and answered questions assessing their KAP through a structured questionnaire. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes measured included knowledge scores, attitude scores and practice scores concerning diabetic nephropathy.
resultsThe mean scores for KAP were 5.63±3.14, 16.82±5.21 and 15.03±5.89, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that female gender (OR=0.57, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.92, p=0.024), monthly per capita income exceeding ¥10 000 (OR=3.96, 95% CI 1.38 to 11.30, p=0.011) and type 1 diabetes (OR=2.52, 95% CI 1.10 to 5.74, p=0.028) were independently associated with adequate knowledge. Knowledge score (OR=1.39, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.54, p<0.001) and diabetic retinopathy (OR=0.37, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.78, p=0.009) were associated with attitude. Proactive practice was associated with knowledge score (OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.50, p<0.001), attitude score (OR=1.28, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.40, p<0.001) and income level (p<0.05). Proactive practice was associated with knowledge score (OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.50, p<0.001), attitude score (OR=1.28, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.40, p<0.001) and monthly per capita income, including ¥2000-4999 (OR=5.09, 95% CI 1.57 to 16.40, p=0.007), ¥5000-9999 (OR=4.57, 95% CI 1.35 to 15.40, p=0.014) and ≥¥10 000 (OR=5.49, 95% CI 1.31 to 22.90, p=0.019).
conclusionsPatients with diabetes demonstrated insufficient knowledge, unfavourable attitudes and passive practices regarding diabetic nephropathy. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions and educational programmes to enhance awareness and encourage proactive management among this population.
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