Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42432282›Full record

ArticleDiabetologia2026

Age-independent immune subtypes in type 1 diabetes exhibit distinct post-onset progression rates and immunotherapeutic responses.

Amina Bedrat, Nathan A Truchan, Tarun Pant, Shuang Jia, Mark F Roethle, Yi-Guang Chen, Chien-Wei Lin, Martin J Hessner

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Article in Diabetologia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Amina BedratThe Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-1291
Nathan A TruchanThe Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6604-8459
Tarun PantThe Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2862-3923
Shuang JiaThe Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Mark F RoethleThe Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Yi-Guang ChenThe Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9616-8841
Chien-Wei LinDivision of Biostatistics, Data Science Institute, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4023-7339
Martin J HessnerThe Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA. mhessner@mcw.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9941-0314

Funding

Plasma-induced signatures as a measure disease heterogeneity and immunomodulation in T1D clinical trialsR01DK121528 · NIDDK · MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN · PI Martin J Hessner · 2022 to 2023
$826k
American Diabetes Association 1-19-ICTS-129Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International 3-SRA-2018-478-S-BNIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK 121528NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK 125014
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisThe development of improved prevention and treatment strategies for type 1 diabetes requires a deeper understanding of its heterogeneity. Our aim was to measure immunological heterogeneity among individuals with new-onset type 1 diabetes using plasma-induced transcription, bioinformatics tools and targeted follow-up analyses.

methodsWe analysed pre-intervention samples from 560 participants across six immunotherapy trials, using a plasma-induced transcriptional bioassay and a standardised reporter cell population.

resultsTranscriptomic profiling at baseline identified 2854 transcripts with high variation in at least five trials. Unsupervised clustering divided the participants into two subgroups that did not differ in mean age and whose classifications remained stable in post-baseline longitudinal samples, suggesting that subgroup assignments were not driven by transient relapsing and remitting immune activity (p=1.4 × 10 CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationThese findings support the existence of immunologically distinct type 1 diabetes subgroups and the possibility of future targeted therapeutic interventions. DATA AVAILABILITY: All microarray gene expression data files have been deposited at The National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus (accession no. GSE302205).

Indexed as

EndotypeImmune interventionImmunophenotypeTherapeutic responseType 1 diabetes heterogeneity

Identifiers

PMID42432282

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.