ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Longitudinal relationships between visuomotor integration and physical fitness in preschoolers: a cross-lagged panel analysis.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Purpose: Physical fitness and visuomotor integration are developmentally significant constructs in early childhood. Although physical fitness and visuomotor integration are positively associated in preschool children, the majority of existing evidence is cross-sectional, precluding inferences about causal directionality. The present study employed a cross-lagged panel design to examine the longitudinal bidirectional relationships between physical fitness and visuomotor integration across a one-year period among preschoolers. Methods: A total of 202 preschool children (mean age = 4.65 ± 0.84 years) from a kindergarten in Chongqing, China, participated in a 12 month longitudinal study with assessments at baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2), of whom 194 completed the study (retention rate: 96.1%). Visuomotor integration was measured using the Beery VMI-6 short form, and physical fitness was assessed using a five-item test battery derived from China's National Physical Fitness Measurement Standards. Cross-lagged panel analysis was conducted to examine bidirectional associations between physical fitness and visuomotor integration, controlling for age and sex. Results: The cross-lagged model demonstrated adequate fit (χ Conclusions: Physical fitness was longitudinally associated with subsequent visuomotor integration in preschool children. These findings contribute longitudinal evidence on the link between physical fitness and later visuomotor integration during early childhood.
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