ArticleGlobal health research and policy2026
Global health inequities in thyroid cancer among adolescents and young adults from overdiagnosis to inadequate care by the socio-demographic index.
Article in Global health research and policy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Thyroid cancer is the most common and rapidly increasing malignancy among adolescents and young adults (AYAs, aged 15-39 years). While this trend is well-documented, a critical gap exists in understanding how the disease burden varies with socioeconomic development. This study analyzes global disparities in the AYAs thyroid cancer burden across Socio-demographic Index (SDI) levels, identifying ecological patterns that suggest the dual challenges of overdiagnosis and inadequate care. Methods: We explored the global disparity in disease burden of thyroid cancer among AYAs utilizing the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Age standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate (ASDR) were extracted for analysis. Temporal trends were assessed using Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC), estimated through joinpoint regression analysis. To further explore the relationship between development level and disease burden, restricted cubic splines were employed to model the non-linear relationship between SDI and AAPC. Results: From 1990-2021, the global ASIR and ASPR for thyroid cancer in AYAs increased significantly ( Conclusions: Socioeconomic development acts as a double-edged sword in the AYA thyroid cancer epidemic. High-SDI regions exhibit a burden pattern indicative of potential overdiagnosis, while low-SDI regions experiencing higher mortality likely reflect gaps in timely diagnosis and care capacity. The peak burden increase at a low-middle SDI of 0.55 signals a critical transition point. These findings support differentiated strategies that emphasize diagnostic appropriateness, risk stratification, and avoidance of unnecessary detection in high-SDI regions while strengthening essential treatment capacities in resource-limited settings.
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