Evidence mapPaperPMID 42434325Full record

ReviewFood science & nutrition2026

The Effects of Fasting and Caloric Restriction on Reproductive Hormones: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and GRADE Assessment.

Seyed Mojtaba Ghoreishy, Sara Rafiei, Yasamin Atabaki, Nastaran Jafarbeglou, Niloofar Hamidi, Morvarid Noormohammadi, Paniz Fatahi, Shadi Ghaemi, Farbod Shidfar, Farzad Shidfar

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Food science & nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Seyed Mojtaba GhoreishySchool of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4215-6567
Sara RafieiSchool of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.
Yasamin AtabakiDepartment of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran.
Nastaran JafarbeglouDepartment of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran.
Niloofar HamidiSchool of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1999-7712
Morvarid NoormohammadiGastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.
Paniz FatahiDepartment of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran.
Shadi GhaemiDepartment of Community Nutrition School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4623-326X
Farbod ShidfarSchool of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.
Farzad ShidfarNutritional Sciences Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Fasting and caloric restriction (CR) have shown promising effects in body composition management and metabolic health. Both CR and time-restricted eating (TRE) have been associated with improved insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles. Although dietary and lifestyle interventions for weight management may influence reproductive hormones, the specific impact of these dietary strategies on reproductive hormones is still unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of different types of fasting and CR on reproductive hormones in adults. Parallel or crossover randomized controlled trials published up to April 2025 were identified through PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Eligible studies included adult participants aged ≥ 18 years undergoing fasting (alternate-day, TRE, or full-day fasting) or CR (20%-30% energy reduction). The primary outcomes were changes in reproductive hormones, including testosterone, free testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, estrogen, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), prolactin, and progesterone, analyzed using random-effects models. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach was used to assess the certainty of evidence. Fifteen randomized trials (

Indexed as

caloric restrictionfastingrandomized controlled trialsreproductive hormones

Identifiers

PMID42434325
PMCPMC13352353

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.