Analysis of Event-related Potential Dynamics Reveals Lavender Aroma Modulates Cognitive Flexibility: An Electroencephalography Investigation Based on Task Switching Paradigms.

Background: The therapeutic potential of lavender aroma is well documented, with proven results in reducing stress and facilitating mental repose. However, its effects on specific domains of executive function, such as cognitive flexibility, have not been sufficiently studied. This gap is significant for understanding how nonpharmacological interventions can influence complex cognition. Methods: This study investigates these effects by employing task-switching paradigms to assess cognitive flexibility. The neural correlates were measured via electroencephalography (EEG), focusing on P300 event-related potentials (ERPs). P300 latency and amplitude, a key ERP component reflecting cognitive processing, were measured at EEG electrodes Cz and FCz. Results: The data revealed that lavender inhalation induced specific neural changes. Following lavender inhalation, the P300 peak amplitude at the Cz electrode increased during switch trials, which could indicate improved cognitive control in demanding situations. At the FCz electrode, the latency of P300 was significantly reduced during switch trials, which could suggest the importance of this area in processing speed. Conclusion: The findings of the current study verify the neuromodulatory effects of lavender aroma in improving processes related to cognitive flexibility. This provides a physiological basis for its benefits, suggesting it could be effectively applied in future clinical interventions for cognitive enhancement.