ArticleCognitive processing2026
A longitudinal study of socioeconomic status and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults in China: random intercept cross-lagged panel analysis.
Article in Cognitive processing, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study aimed to examine the reciprocal associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and cognitive function by disentangling between-person and within-person effects, and further examined potential heterogeneity across six specific subgroups: age, gender, residence, ever smoking, ever drinking, night sleep duration, and depressive symptoms. The data analyzed were drawn from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) during 2011-2018. Cognitive function was assessed by intelligence and episodic memory. SES was operationalized using annual per-capita household expenditure, occupation, education level, and health insurance. Adjusted random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs) and multiple group RI-CLPMs were used to determine the reciprocal relationship between cognitive function and SES. Among 9,322 participants, at the between-person level, middle-aged and older adults showed positive association between SES and cognitive function over an eight-year period after adjusting covariates (β = 0.545, P < 0.001). At the within-person level, SES and cognitive function exhibited reciprocal positive cross-lagged effects across wave 2 to 4 (β = 0.032-0.063, P < 0.050). Using multi-group RI-CLPMs, we identified differences in the longitudinal effect of SES on cognitive function, particularly when comparing groups based on the residence and depressive symptoms (P < 0.050). An increase in individual socioeconomic status was a positive predictor of cognitive function. Likewise, improvements in cognitive function were found to positively predict short-term gains in socioeconomic status. These findings suggest that tailored interventions should be developed to prevent cognitive aging, taking into account the heterogeneity of different population.
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