ReviewSignal transduction and targeted therapy2026
Tumor heterogeneity: development, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications.
Review in Signal transduction and targeted therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is a fundamental hallmark of cancer that drives progression, metastasis and therapeutic resistance. This diversity originates from persistent genomic instability, dynamic clonal evolution, and cancer stem cell plasticity, which are further amplified through complex crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment. While conventional therapies effectively eliminate certain tumor cell populations, residual resistant subclones frequently lead to disease relapse. Recent breakthroughs in single-cell multi-omics, spatial transcriptomics, and liquid biopsy now enable a comprehensive, multidimensional dissection of tumor heterogeneity across molecular, cellular, spatial, and temporal scales. These approaches reveal real-time dynamics of tumor evolution, providing new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. This review synthesizes key advances in understanding tumor heterogeneity: from its cellular origins and molecular mechanisms to its multidimensional manifestation in the tumor microenvironment and from metastatic heterogeneity to the fundamental causes of treatment resistance. We critically examine how these insights are informing novel therapeutic paradigms-including targeting clonal cooperative networks, modulating epigenetic plasticity and reprogramming metabolic adaptations. Finally, we outline future pathways toward precision medicine through the integration of multi-omics data and dynamic monitoring technologies. Ultimately, overcoming tumor heterogeneity necessitates reconceptualizing cancer not as a static collection of cells but as a dynamically evolving ecosystem.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.