ArticleScientific reports2026
Honey-biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against vancomycin-resistant enterococci: integrated antibacterial, antibiofilm, mechanistic and preliminary safety evaluation.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), including Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, are multidrug-resistant pathogens with limited treatment options. This study evaluated honey-biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against VRE using integrated antibacterial, antibiofilm, mechanistic, and preliminary safety assessments.
methodsAgNPs were synthesized using natural honey as a reducing and capping agent and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, SEM-EDS, FTIR, and stability assays. Antibacterial activity was assessed using MIC, MBC, agar well diffusion, and time-kill assays. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated by crystal violet assay. Mechanistic responses were examined by molecular docking, RT-qPCR analysis of pbp5 and srtA, PBP5 Bocillin-FL binding, and Sortase A activity assays. Preliminary safety was assessed using HEK293 and HepG2 cell viability, LDH release, and erythrocyte hemolysis assays.
resultsAgNPs showed MICs of 16 µg/mL against E. faecalis and 32 µg/mL against E. faecium, with MBCs of 32-64 µg/mL and inhibition zones of 14-18 mm. Time-kill assays showed > 5 log10 CFU/mL reduction for E. faecalis and approximately 4 log10 CFU/mL reduction for E. faecium after 24 h. AgNPs had a hydrodynamic diameter of 18 ± 3 nm, PDI of 0.24 ± 0.03, and zeta potential of -32.5 ± 2.1 mV. Biofilm inhibition ranged from 61.4 to 86.5%. AgNP exposure downregulated pbp5 and srtA, reduced PBP5 labelling, and decreased Sortase A activity. Cell viability remained ≥ 81%, and hemolysis was < 3%.
conclusionHoney-biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated bactericidal and antibiofilm activity against VRE with mechanism-linked effects and acceptable preliminary in vitro tolerance at antibacterial concentration ranges.
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