ArticleISME communications2026
Host breed and geography shape the antiviral defense landscape of the bovine rumen microbiome.
Article in ISME communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The rumen microbiome represents a complex, phage-rich ecosystem where microbial survival depends on both metabolic cooperation and antiviral defense. However, global and breed-associated variations in rumen prokaryotic immune systems remain poorly understood. Here, we performed the most comprehensive profile to date of antiviral defense systems (DS) in the rumen, analyzing 6530 microbial genomes and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from diverse cattle breeds and geographic regions. In this global dataset, we identified >90 000 DS, the most abundant of which were restriction-modification, PDC-S01, deoxyribonucleic acid modification systems (DMS_other), AbiE and SoFic, with variations influenced by both host the lineage and geographic region. A more in-depth analysis was performed using two complementary antiviral annotation frameworks for Nellore cattle (
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