ReviewRSC advances2026
Biomedical potential of bovine-derived hydroxyapatite: synthesis strategies, characterization and applications.
Review in RSC advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp), a calcium phosphate material that closely resembles the mineral phase of natural bone, is widely studied due to its biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoconductivity, making it an important biomaterial in biomedical applications. With increasing demand for HAp-based materials, considerable research has focused on developing synthesis methods to tailor its structural and functional properties. Variations in synthesis strategies can significantly influence crystallinity, particle size, porosity, and surface characteristics of HAp, which in turn affect biological performance. Among biogenic sources, bovine-derived HAp has received attention due to its compositional similarity to natural bone mineral. Several studies report that, depending on extraction and processing conditions, bovine HAp can exhibit favorable crystallinity, mechanical stability, and porous architecture; however, these properties remain highly dependent on preparation parameters and require careful control. This review summarizes the synthesis of bovine HAp using conventional methods (thermal decomposition and hydrothermal techniques), hybrid approaches (calcination combined with vibro-milling and alkaline heat treatment, as well as ultrasonic-assisted spray drying), and emerging techniques such as subcritical water processing, transferred arc plasma, and annealing, each offering varying degrees of control over physicochemical properties. Characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), are discussed for evaluating crystallinity, morphology, and elemental composition respectively. Furthermore, the biomedical applications of bovine-derived HAp are reviewed, including bone tissue engineering, bone grafting, dental repair, drug delivery, bioactive coatings, and antibacterial activity. While bovine-derived HAp shows promise as a sustainable and multifunctional biomaterial, further studies are required to address challenges related to processing consistency, long-term performance, and clinical translation.
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.