ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2026
Lower adherence to healthy lifestyle is associated with increased adiposity and cardiovascular risk in youth.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Unhealthy dietary patterns and insufficient physical activity are major contributors to pediatric overweight and obesity, yet their combined impact on body composition and blood pressure in youth is not fully understood. In this cross-sectional study, 24 participants (12 males, 12 females; 11-14 years) attending a pediatric lifestyle clinic were assessed. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated with the MEDI-LITE questionnaire, and physical activity with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ); total physical activity was log-transformed. A composite Lifestyle Risk Index was constructed by standardizing MEDI-LITE scores and log-MET values (higher scores 38 = poorer diet and lower activity). Anthropometry, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and body composition (fat mass percentage, FM%) were measured by standardized methods and multifrequency bioimpedance. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were measured at rest. Associations were examined using Spearman correlations, Mann-Whitney tests across lifestyle-risk strata, and multivariable linear regression adjusted for age and sex. Higher MEDI-LITE scores were associated with lower BMI and waist circumference, while higher physical activity was inversely associated with fat mass percentage and waist circumference. A composite Lifestyle Risk Index- reflecting lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet and lower physical activity levels-showed stronger associations with BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass percentage. Compared with the lower-risk group, the higher-risk group displayed higher adiposity measures. In regression models, the Lifestyle Risk Index remained associated with BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass percentage after adjustment for age and sex. No direct associations emerged between lifestyle variables and blood pressure, whereas BMI was positively associated with systolic blood pressure. These findings suggest that, in this exploratory pediatric sample, less favorable lifestyle patterns are associated with higher adiposity, which may partially explain variations in systolic blood pressure.
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